Crazy theory: I just realized Coltrane basically did a speedrun of music after beating his addiction to heroin
So when he got fired by Miles, he basically gave his soul to God, got clean, and said he would praise God through his music
Blue Train - Baroque (Bach). Highly structured, yet passionate. Lots of love and praise for God, but in a more traditional form. He is starting to find the limits of current music, and wanting to push the boundaries.
Giant Steps - Classical (Mozart) Holy circle of fifths, what is going on here? This is just showing off in the most beautiful way possible, and creating something no one else possibly could. If you can keep up with him, you are automatically brilliant just by being able to.
Modal Years - Romantic (Beethoven, Tchhaikovsky) There's a lot going on here, and even with all the extra stuff, it still incorporates the technical aspects of earlier work, just without the need to be as flamboyant about it. Everything that is played from this era oozes raw passion and emotion, and although sometimes the result is a painful piece of music, it almost always sounds beautiful while being painful.
Free Jazz Era - Modern (various) The are no more rules, just pure expression. This may be hard to listen to, just like life is hard to deal with sometimes. There's no layer of aesthetic separation between the music and the message being conveyed. This makes it difficult, but rewarding to listen to.
Apologies if you think this belongs in circle jerk more than here lol, but I just thought it was a fun interpretation of my favorite musician's life and catalog. Honestly I think you might find the same pattern in a lot of places where art is evolving, and I just noticed it here first.