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What a generation to be born in to
Context: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great\_Leap\_Forward https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward
The **Great Leap Forward** was an industrialization https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialization campaign within China https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China from 1958 to 1962, initiated by Mao Zedong https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong , chairman of the Chinese Communist Party https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party , whose goal was to transform the country from an agrarian society https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrarian_society to an industrialized society https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialized_society through the formation of people's communes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_commune . The Great Leap Forward led to between 15 and 55 million deaths in mainland China during the 1959–1961 Great Chinese Famine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine it caused, making it the largest or second-largest famine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_famines^(\[1\ ]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-1 in human history.^(\[2\]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-2^(\[3\ ]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-3^(\[4\ ]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-Hasell2013-4^(\[5\ ]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-5
The Great Leap Forward grew out of Mao's push for rapid development through mass mobilization and a reaction against the Soviet development strategy. Anti-intellectual https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-intellectualism politics and the surge of less-educated radicals helped sideline technical constraints and dissent.^(\[6\]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberthal2003103-6 The strategy relied on mobilizing peasants to sustain themselves while supplying grain, cash crops, and even steel for urban industry, without major new state investment.^(\[7\]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberthal2003103–104-7 Famine worsened when procurement quotas were set using false reports from the countryside.^(\[8\]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberthal2003193–194-8 After the 1959 Lushan Conference https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lushan_Conference , anti-"rightist" campaigns intensified misreporting and coercive collection even as output fell, deepening rural famine.^(\[9\]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberthal2003108–109-9
In rural China, the campaign expanded mandatory collectivization https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_farming and banned private farming; those who resisted were punished as "counterrevolutionaries https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_to_Suppress_Counterrevolutionaries ". Authorities enforced restrictions through public struggle sessions https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struggle_session , social pressure, and forced labor.^(\[10\]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-Mirsky2009-10 Although rural industrialization was an official priority, its development was derailed by Great Leap policies.^(\[11\]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins1991506-11 Economist Dwight Perkins https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_H._Perkins_(economist ) argues that heavy investment produced little gain, calling the Great Leap Forward an expensive disaster.^(\[12\]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins1991483,_486-12
The CCP studied the damage that was done at various conferences from 1960 to 1962, especially at the Seven Thousand Cadres Conference https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Thousand_Cadres_Conference in 1962, during which Mao Zedong ceded day-to-day leadership to pragmatic moderates like Chinese President Liu Shaoqi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi and Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping.^(\[13\ ]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-13^(\[14\ ]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-Columbia_University-14^(\[15\ ]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-CNLaw&Govt1996-15 In the early 1960s, Mao endorsed a period of economic "readjustment" and acknowledged responsibility for mistakes, while maintaining that the "three red flags https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Red_Banners " could not be challenged.^(\[15\]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-CNLaw&Govt1996-15
From 1961 to 1965, official propaganda portrayed Mao as virtually infallible and shifted blame for the Great Leap Forward disaster onto lower-level officials.^(\[16\]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberthal2003114-16 He initiated the Socialist Education Movement https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Education_Movement in 1963 and the Cultural Revolution https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution in 1966 in order to remove opposition and re-consolidate his power.^(\[15\]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-CNLaw&Govt1996-15 Dozens of dams constructed during the Great Leap Forward in Zhumadian, Henan https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhumadian collapsed in 1975 (under the influence of Typhoon Nina https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Nina_(1975 )) and resulted in the 1975 Banqiao Dam failure https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Banqiao_Dam_failure , with estimates of its death toll ranging from tens of thousands to 240,000.^(\[17\]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-17^(\[18\ ]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-18
#history
Context: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great\_Leap\_Forward https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward
The **Great Leap Forward** was an industrialization https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialization campaign within China https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China from 1958 to 1962, initiated by Mao Zedong https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong , chairman of the Chinese Communist Party https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party , whose goal was to transform the country from an agrarian society https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrarian_society to an industrialized society https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialized_society through the formation of people's communes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_commune . The Great Leap Forward led to between 15 and 55 million deaths in mainland China during the 1959–1961 Great Chinese Famine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine it caused, making it the largest or second-largest famine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_famines^(\[1\ ]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-1 in human history.^(\[2\]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-2^(\[3\ ]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-3^(\[4\ ]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-Hasell2013-4^(\[5\ ]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-5
The Great Leap Forward grew out of Mao's push for rapid development through mass mobilization and a reaction against the Soviet development strategy. Anti-intellectual https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-intellectualism politics and the surge of less-educated radicals helped sideline technical constraints and dissent.^(\[6\]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberthal2003103-6 The strategy relied on mobilizing peasants to sustain themselves while supplying grain, cash crops, and even steel for urban industry, without major new state investment.^(\[7\]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberthal2003103–104-7 Famine worsened when procurement quotas were set using false reports from the countryside.^(\[8\]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberthal2003193–194-8 After the 1959 Lushan Conference https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lushan_Conference , anti-"rightist" campaigns intensified misreporting and coercive collection even as output fell, deepening rural famine.^(\[9\]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberthal2003108–109-9
In rural China, the campaign expanded mandatory collectivization https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_farming and banned private farming; those who resisted were punished as "counterrevolutionaries https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_to_Suppress_Counterrevolutionaries ". Authorities enforced restrictions through public struggle sessions https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struggle_session , social pressure, and forced labor.^(\[10\]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-Mirsky2009-10 Although rural industrialization was an official priority, its development was derailed by Great Leap policies.^(\[11\]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins1991506-11 Economist Dwight Perkins https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_H._Perkins_(economist ) argues that heavy investment produced little gain, calling the Great Leap Forward an expensive disaster.^(\[12\]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins1991483,_486-12
The CCP studied the damage that was done at various conferences from 1960 to 1962, especially at the Seven Thousand Cadres Conference https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Thousand_Cadres_Conference in 1962, during which Mao Zedong ceded day-to-day leadership to pragmatic moderates like Chinese President Liu Shaoqi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi and Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping.^(\[13\ ]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-13^(\[14\ ]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-Columbia_University-14^(\[15\ ]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-CNLaw&Govt1996-15 In the early 1960s, Mao endorsed a period of economic "readjustment" and acknowledged responsibility for mistakes, while maintaining that the "three red flags https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Red_Banners " could not be challenged.^(\[15\]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-CNLaw&Govt1996-15
From 1961 to 1965, official propaganda portrayed Mao as virtually infallible and shifted blame for the Great Leap Forward disaster onto lower-level officials.^(\[16\]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberthal2003114-16 He initiated the Socialist Education Movement https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Education_Movement in 1963 and the Cultural Revolution https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution in 1966 in order to remove opposition and re-consolidate his power.^(\[15\]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-CNLaw&Govt1996-15 Dozens of dams constructed during the Great Leap Forward in Zhumadian, Henan https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhumadian collapsed in 1975 (under the influence of Typhoon Nina https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Nina_(1975 )) and resulted in the 1975 Banqiao Dam failure https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Banqiao_Dam_failure , with estimates of its death toll ranging from tens of thousands to 240,000.^(\[17\]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-17^(\[18\ ]) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward#cite_note-18
#history
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The Assassination of Michael Collins: How the IRA’s Mastermind Was Brought Down
On August 22, 1922, Michael Collins, leader of the new Irish Free State, was struck down by a single fatal gunshot during an ambush at Béal na Bláth in County Cork. His sudden death deprived Ireland of the one leader who might have brought the Irish Civil War to a swift end. Was it a tragic military accident, an execution ordered by Éamon de Valera, or a sinister betrayal from within his own ranks? This documentary investigates the unsolved mystery, secret plot lines and lasting legacy of Ireland’s most legendary revolutionary hero.
Watch on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdufXidpVWk
#timeline #history
On August 22, 1922, Michael Collins, leader of the new Irish Free State, was struck down by a single fatal gunshot during an ambush at Béal na Bláth in County Cork. His sudden death deprived Ireland of the one leader who might have brought the Irish Civil War to a swift end. Was it a tragic military accident, an execution ordered by Éamon de Valera, or a sinister betrayal from within his own ranks? This documentary investigates the unsolved mystery, secret plot lines and lasting legacy of Ireland’s most legendary revolutionary hero.
Watch on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdufXidpVWk
#timeline #history
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